Legal Frontier is a research and publication platform dedicated to exploring contemporary legal issues, policies, and jurisprudence. Our mission is to provide in-depth legal analysis, promote academic discourse, and contribute to the development of law and justice in various jurisdictions. The quality of the articles we publish is guaranteed, we also collaborate with Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika and Universitas Bumigora to maintain the quality of the articles we publish. Vision To be a leading source of legal knowledge and analysis, bridging the gap between legal theory and practice on a national and international scale. Mission Publish high-quality legal research, case studies, and policy analyses. Foster critical discussions and academic collaboration in the field of law. Provide an accessible and reliable platform for legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. Uphold ethical standards and integrity in legal research and publications. Contribute to legal education and the evolution of jurisprudence through innovative scholarship. Legal Frontier welcomes contributions from academics, legal professionals, and researchers who seek to shape the future of law through rigorous research and insightful analysis. Email: [legalfront@muzu.com] Website: [link]
The Liability of the Board of Directors for the Company’s Losses from the Perspective of Good Corporate Governance
Dalam praktik perseroan terbatas, direksi memiliki peran strategis dalam pengelolaan perusahaan, namun sering muncul permasalahan terkait pertanggungjawaban atas kerugian perseroan dalam perspektif Good Corporate Governance (GCG). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tanggung jawab direksi terhadap kerugian perseroan serta implementasi prinsip Good Corporate Governance dalam menentukan batasan tanggung jawab tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui studi literatur yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanggung jawab direksi dapat dibebaskan apabila keputusan diambil dengan itikad baik, kehati-hatian, dan sesuai prinsip GCG, namun tetap terdapat batasan dalam hal kelalaian dan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa penerapan Good Corporate Governance menjadi dasar penting dalam menentukan tanggung jawab direksi atas kerugian perseroan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya penguatan mekanisme pengawasan internal serta penerapan prinsip akuntabilitas untuk meminimalisir risiko kerugian perseroan akibat keputusan direksi. Penelitian ini diharapkan memberi kontribusi bagi pengembangan hukum perusahaan di Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulastri, Kurniawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal Protection for Consumers in Electronic Contracts on E-Commerce Platforms in Indonesia
Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang semakin pesat telah mendorong peningkatan penggunaan internet dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan. Di sisi lain, kemajuan tersebut juga memunculkan berbagai bentuk kejahatan siber (cybercrime) yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi individu, masyarakat, maupun negara. Kejahatan siber memiliki karakteristik khusus yang berbeda dengan kejahatan konvensional, sehingga menimbulkan tantangan dalam penerapan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelakunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku kejahatan siber dalam perspektif hukum pidana Indonesia serta mengkaji efektivitas pengaturan hukum yang berlaku dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku kejahatan siber di Indonesia didasarkan pada ketentuan dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, dengan tetap memperhatikan unsur kesalahan, kemampuan bertanggung jawab, dan hubungan antara perbuatan dengan akibat yang ditimbulkan. Namun, masih terdapat berbagai kendala dalam penegakan hukum, terutama terkait pembuktian digital dan karakter lintas batas kejahatan siber. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan regulasi dan kapasitas aparat penegak hukum guna meningkatkan efektivitas penanggulangan kejahatan siber di Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhariyanto, Kurniawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Implementation of the Principle of Non-Refoulement in Refugee Protection Under International Law
Prinsip non-refoulement merupakan norma fundamental dalam hukum pengungsi internasional yang melarang pemulangan paksa individu ke negara di mana mereka menghadapi ancaman penganiayaan. Meskipun telah diakui dalam berbagai instrumen hukum internasional, implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan di tingkat nasional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis implementasi prinsip non-refoulement dalam perlindungan pengungsi berdasarkan hukum internasional. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis terhadap konvensi internasional, doktrin, serta praktik negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun prinsip non-refoulement telah menjadi jus cogens secara de facto dalam praktik internasional, penerapannya masih inkonsisten akibat pertimbangan keamanan nasional, kebijakan imigrasi, dan keterbatasan mekanisme pengawasan internasional. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa diperlukan penguatan mekanisme implementasi dan harmonisasi hukum nasional dengan standar internasional untuk menjamin perlindungan pengungsi secara efektif. Selain itu, diperlukan peran aktif lembaga internasional dalam memantau kepatuhan negara terhadap prinsip tersebut guna meningkatkan efektivitas perlindungan pengungsi global berkelanjutan
Copyright (c) 2026 Octavianus, Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kedudukan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Menjaga Prinsip Checks and Balances dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia
pentingnya peran Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menjaga prinsip checks and balances dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia yang sering menghadapi dinamika tarik-menarik kewenangan antar lembaga negara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kedudukan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam memastikan keseimbangan kekuasaan antar lembaga negara serta efektivitasnya dalam menjaga konstitusionalitas. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, UUD 1945, serta literatur terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki peran strategis sebagai penjaga konstitusi (the guardian of the constitution) yang mampu mengoreksi potensi penyalahgunaan kewenangan oleh lembaga eksekutif maupun legislatif, meskipun masih terdapat tantangan berupa politisasi putusan dan keterbatasan implementasi serta berkontribusi dalam penguatan demokrasi konstitusional di Indonesia. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kedudukan Mahkamah Konstitusi sangat vital dalam menjaga prinsip checks and balances, namun perlu penguatan independensi dan integritas kelembagaan untuk mengoptimalkan fungsinya dan kepastian hukum nasional berkelanjutan
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhidayah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Pelaku Kejahatan Siber dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Indonesia
Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah mendorong meningkatnya kejahatan siber yang menimbulkan berbagai kerugian bagi individu, masyarakat, maupun negara. Fenomena ini menuntut adanya kepastian hukum terkait pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku kejahatan siber dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku kejahatan siber serta mengkaji penerapan ketentuan hukum pidana Indonesia terhadap tindak pidana siber. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana pelaku kejahatan siber didasarkan pada terpenuhinya unsur tindak pidana, kemampuan bertanggung jawab, adanya kesalahan, serta tidak adanya alasan pembenar atau pemaaf. Pengaturan mengenai kejahatan siber di Indonesia diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana dan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik yang memberikan dasar hukum dalam penegakan hukum terhadap pelaku. Pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku kejahatan siber dalam hukum pidana Indonesia dapat diterapkan sepanjang unsur-unsur pidana terpenuhi, meskipun masih terdapat tantangan dalam pembuktian dan penegakan hukum akibat karakteristik lintas batas dan kompleksitas teknologi yang digunakan pelaku
Copyright (c) 2026 Fendry Guto, Dandy, Rendy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Urgensi Reformasi Hukum dalam Pengaturan Aset Kripto dan Teknologi Blockchain di Indonesia
Perkembangan aset kripto dan teknologi blockchain di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan signifikan seiring transformasi digital global, namun pengaturannya masih tersebar dalam berbagai regulasi sektoral yang menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis urgensi reformasi hukum dalam pengaturan aset kripto dan teknologi blockchain di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan studi kepustakaan terhadap literatur, regulasi, serta kebijakan terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerangka hukum yang ada belum sepenuhnya mampu mengakomodasi karakteristik desentralisasi, volatilitas, dan inovasi cepat pada aset kripto, sehingga diperlukan harmonisasi regulasi, penguatan pengawasan, serta penerapan regulatory sandbox. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa reformasi hukum yang komprehensif dan adaptif menjadi kebutuhan mendesak untuk memberikan kepastian hukum, perlindungan konsumen, dan mendorong inovasi teknologi blockchain di Indonesia. Implikasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan undang-undang khusus aset digital yang selaras dengan standar internasional serta peningkatan literasi dan keamanan siber bagi pelaku industri dan masyarakat
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanjaya, Nugroho, Amirullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Era Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence): Tantangan dan Implementasi Hukum di Indonesia
Perkembangan kecerdasan buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI) telah meningkatkan pemanfaatan data pribadi secara masif, sehingga menimbulkan risiko pelanggaran privasi di Indonesia. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tantangan dan implementasi hukum perlindungan data pribadi di era AI. penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, serta analisis literatur terkait. ditemukan bahwa implementasi Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi masih menghadapi kendala, terutama pada aspek pengawasan, kepatuhan penyelenggara sistem elektronik, serta lemahnya literasi digital masyarakat. Selain itu, teknologi AI mempercepat proses pengolahan data yang berpotensi meningkatkan risiko kebocoran data jika tidak diatur secara ketat. Temuan juga menunjukkan perlunya harmonisasi regulasi antara UU PDP dan kebijakan sektoral berbasis teknologi digital untuk mengantisipasi perkembangan AI generatif. diperlukan penguatan regulasi turunan, peningkatan kapasitas lembaga pengawas, serta edukasi publik untuk menjamin perlindungan data pribadi yang efektif di era AI. Selain itu, diperlukan kolaborasi antara pemerintah, sektor swasta, dan akademisi dalam membangun ekosistem perlindungan data yang adaptif dan berkelanjutan
Copyright (c) 2026 Safari, Budiman, Angga Prasetyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analisis Hukum terhadap Penyebaran Disinformasi dan Deepfake di Media Sosial dalam Kerangka Regulasi Digital Indonesia
Perkembangan teknologi kecerdasan buatan dan media sosial telah meningkatkan risiko penyebaran disinformasi dan konten deepfake yang dapat memengaruhi opini publik, merugikan individu, serta mengganggu stabilitas sosial dan demokrasi. Fenomena ini menimbulkan tantangan hukum baru terkait efektivitas regulasi digital di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kerangka hukum yang mengatur penyebaran disinformasi dan deepfake di media sosial serta menilai kecukupan regulasi digital Indonesia dalam menghadapi perkembangan teknologi tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur ilmiah, serta dokumen hukum yang relevan. penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan mengenai disinformasi dan deepfake tersebar dalam beberapa instrumen hukum, seperti Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik beserta perubahannya serta regulasi terkait ruang digital. Namun, belum terdapat pengaturan yang secara spesifik mengatur deepfake, sehingga menimbulkan tantangan dalam aspek pembuktian, penegakan hukum, dan perlindungan korban. Regulasi digital Indonesia memerlukan penguatan melalui pembentukan norma yang lebih spesifik, adaptif, dan responsif terhadap perkembangan teknologi deepfake guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan masyarakat di ruang digital
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariwibowo, Novrianto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tinjauan Yuridis terhadap Kejahatan Siber Berbasis Artificial Intelligence dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Indonesia
Perkembangan teknologi kecerdasan buatan Artificial Intelligence dalam era digital telah meningkatkan kompleksitas kejahatan siber di Indonesia yang belum sepenuhnya diakomodasi secara memadai dalam hukum pidana yang berlaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bentuk kejahatan siber berbasis Artificial Intelligence serta implikasinya terhadap pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual serta analisis kualitatif terhadap literatur hukum yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi hukum pidana Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan dalam mengakomodasi perkembangan kejahatan siber berbasis Artificial Intelligence, terutama terkait pembuktian dan tanggung jawab pelaku. Temuan ini juga mengindikasikan perlunya penguatan kapasitas aparat penegak hukum dalam memahami teknologi AI serta integrasi regulasi lintas sektor untuk menghadapi modus kejahatan yang semakin canggih. Hal ini menjadi urgensi kebijakan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa diperlukan pembaruan regulasi hukum pidana Indonesia yang adaptif terhadap perkembangan Artificial Intelligence guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan efektivitas penegakan hukum
Copyright (c) 2026 Amalia, Marzuki, Angga Ari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Alamsyah, Nugroho, Amirullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kedudukan Ahli Waris Pengganti dalam Pembagian Harta Warisan Menurut Hukum Perdata Indonesia dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam
Pembagian harta warisan sering menimbulkan permasalahan hukum, khususnya terkait kedudukan ahli waris pengganti dalam memperoleh hak waris ketika ahli waris yang seharusnya menerima warisan telah meninggal dunia terlebih dahulu dari pewaris. Perbedaan pengaturan antara Hukum Perdata Indonesia dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) menimbulkan kebutuhan akan kajian yang komprehensif untuk memahami kedudukan serta hak ahli waris pengganti dalam sistem kewarisan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan ahli waris pengganti dalam pembagian harta warisan menurut Hukum Perdata Indonesia dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam serta mengidentifikasi persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai peraturan, doktrin, dan putusan yang relevan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Hukum Perdata Indonesia mengakui ahli waris pengganti melalui mekanisme plaatsvervulling sebagaimana diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, sedangkan KHI mengatur ahli waris pengganti dalam Pasal 185 dengan memberikan hak kepada keturunan untuk menggantikan kedudukan orang tuanya yang telah meninggal lebih dahulu. Meskipun memiliki tujuan yang sama, terdapat perbedaan dalam ruang lingkup, syarat, dan penerapan hak penggantian waris. Kedudukan ahli waris pengganti diakui baik dalam Hukum Perdata Indonesia maupun Kompilasi Hukum Islam, namun pengaturannya memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda sehingga memengaruhi pembagian harta warisan dan kepastian hukum bagi para ahli waris
Copyright (c) 2025 Gautama, Ibrahim, Prasetyo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Efektivitas Mediasi sebagai Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Perceraian dalam Mewujudkan Kepastian dan Keadilan Hukum Keluarga
Tingginya angka perceraian di Indonesia menimbulkan kompleksitas penyelesaian sengketa keluarga yang sering kali berlarut di pengadilan sehingga berdampak pada ketidakpastian dan ketidakadilan hukum. penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas mediasi sebagai alternatif penyelesaian sengketa perceraian dalam mewujudkan kepastian dan keadilan hukum keluarga. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, serta analisis kualitatif terhadap literatur dan putusan pengadilan terkait mediasi perceraian di Indonesia saat ini. menunjukkan bahwa mediasi mampu menekan eskalasi konflik, mempercepat proses penyelesaian perkara, serta meningkatkan kesepakatan damai para pihak meskipun efektivitasnya masih dipengaruhi oleh itikad baik para pihak dan kualitas mediator, serta memberikan ruang rekonsiliasi dan perlindungan kepentingan anak dalam proses perceraian. mediasi merupakan instrumen penting dalam sistem peradilan keluarga untuk mewujudkan kepastian dan keadilan hukum, namun perlu penguatan regulasi dan profesionalitas mediator agar hasilnya lebih optimal khususnya di lingkungan peradilan agama di masa mendatang yang berkelanjutan
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahrizal, Indrati, Purnadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implementasi Prinsip Negara Hukum dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia
Prinsip negara hukum (rechtstaat) menempatkan konstitusi sebagai hukum tertinggi dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia yang menuntut adanya mekanisme pengujian undang-undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk menjamin kesesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis implementasi prinsip negara hukum dalam praktik pengujian undang-undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi berperan penting sebagai penjaga konstitusi (the guardian of the constitution) dalam memastikan supremasi konstitusi, namun masih terdapat tantangan berupa inkonsistensi putusan dan dinamika politik hukum yang memengaruhi efektivitas pengujian undang-undang. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa implementasi prinsip negara hukum melalui pengujian undang-undang oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi telah berjalan, tetapi masih perlu penguatan independensi kelembagaan dan konsistensi putusan untuk mewujudkan kepastian hukum. Selain itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan mekanisme judicial review agar lebih responsif terhadap perlindungan hak konstitusional warga negara
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainuddin, Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Melalui Platform E-Commerce di Indonesia
Perkembangan platform e-commerce di Indonesia telah mengubah pola transaksi jual beli masyarakat menjadi lebih cepat dan mudah. Namun, peningkatan transaksi elektronik juga menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan, seperti ketidaksesuaian barang, keterlambatan pengiriman, penyalahgunaan data pribadi, dan kesulitan penyelesaian sengketa yang berpotensi merugikan konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam perjanjian jual beli melalui platform e-commerce di Indonesia serta mengkaji efektivitas pengaturan hukum yang berlaku dalam memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan bagi konsumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur hukum, serta sumber hukum terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam transaksi e-commerce telah diatur melalui berbagai regulasi, antara lain Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, serta peraturan terkait perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik. Meskipun demikian, masih terdapat kendala dalam implementasi, pengawasan, dan penegakan hukum terhadap pelanggaran hak-hak konsumen. Perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen dalam perjanjian jual beli melalui platform e-commerce di Indonesia telah memiliki dasar hukum yang memadai, namun diperlukan peningkatan efektivitas pengawasan, edukasi konsumen, dan penegakan hukum untuk menjamin perlindungan yang optimal
Copyright (c) 2025 Santoso, Indrayana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pelaku Penyebaran Informasi Palsu (Hoaks) Melalui Media Sosial Berdasarkan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia
Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi telah meningkatkan penggunaan media sosial sebagai sarana penyebaran informasi. Namun, kemudahan tersebut juga memunculkan penyebaran informasi palsu (hoaks) yang dapat merugikan individu, masyarakat, maupun negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku penyebaran informasi palsu melalui media sosial berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data yang digunakan berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap pelaku penyebaran hoaks dapat dikenakan berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, serta peraturan terkait lainnya. Unsur kesalahan, kemampuan bertanggung jawab, dan adanya perbuatan melawan hukum menjadi dasar utama dalam penjatuhan pidana. Penegakan hukum terhadap penyebaran hoaks melalui media sosial telah memiliki landasan hukum yang memadai, namun efektivitasnya masih memerlukan peningkatan melalui penguatan regulasi, penegakan hukum yang konsisten, dan peningkatan literasi digital masyarakat guna mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran serupa
Copyright (c) 2025 Shintya, Thom, Sanjaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Position of Women in the Islamic Legal Inheritance System in Indonesia
This study examines the position of women in the Islamic legal inheritance system as applied in Indonesia, a country where Islamic law, national law, and local customs coexist within a pluralistic legal framework. The research aims to analyze the extent to which Islamic inheritance law, particularly as codified in the Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam), recognizes and protects women's rights to inheritance, while also addressing the social and cultural challenges that affect its implementation. Although Islamic law grants women specific shares in inheritance such as one-half or one-third depending on their relationship to the deceased its practical enforcement is often hindered by patriarchal interpretations, customary practices (adat), and limited legal awareness among the Muslim population. Using a normative-juridical method, this study evaluates primary legal sources, including the Qur’an, Hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant court decisions. The research also explores the tension between religious doctrine and societal norms that tend to marginalize women from their rightful inheritance. Findings suggest that while the Islamic legal system in Indonesia formally acknowledges women's inheritance rights, cultural resistance and legal ambiguities frequently undermine their realization. Furthermore, there remains a significant gap between legal theory and practice, especially in rural communities. The study recommends strengthening legal education, judicial consistency, and public awareness to ensure that women's inheritance rights are upheld in accordance with Islamic principles of justice and equity. This research contributes to the broader discourse on gender justice within Islamic jurisprudence and the ongoing efforts to harmonize religious law with human rights standards in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammadong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal Implications of Mixed Marriages on Joint Property Status
Mixed marriages, involving individuals of different nationalities, present complex legal challenges, particularly in determining the status of joint property. In the Indonesian legal system, such marriages are governed by a combination of national laws, including Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, Law No. 12 of 2006 on Citizenship, and Law No. 5 of 1960 on Basic Agrarian Principles, among others. One of the most significant issues arises in relation to the ownership and control of immovable property, especially when one spouse is a foreign national. Indonesian law restricts foreign ownership of land, which affects the ability of couples in mixed marriages to hold joint property rights over land and housing. This often necessitates legal arrangements such as prenuptial agreements (perjanjian perkawinan) to separate assets, preventing legal conflicts and safeguarding property rights. The absence of such agreements can lead to the classification of joint property as incompatible with national land laws, potentially invalidating ownership claims. This paper explores the implications of mixed marriages on joint property status by analyzing Indonesian legal provisions, court rulings, and practical case examples. It also discusses the role of notaries and legal practitioners in drafting agreements that comply with the prevailing legal framework. The study emphasizes the importance of legal certainty, equal rights within marriage, and the harmonization of private international law principles with domestic statutes. Findings suggest the need for more accessible legal education and simplified mechanisms for asset regulation in mixed marriages to prevent unintended legal consequences
Copyright (c) 2025 Rasyid Mariana, Hidayati Hadikusuma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Position of Women in the Customary Law Inheritance System in Indonesia
This study explores the position of women in Indonesia’s customary law inheritance systems, which vary across ethnic groups and regions. While national legal frameworks have recognized gender equality, customary inheritance practices often reflect patriarchal norms that limit women's rights to inherit property. In some traditions, women are excluded entirely from inheritance, whereas in others they receive limited or conditional rights. This research analyzes how such norms persist despite Indonesia’s legal commitments to equality, examining the cultural, religious, and historical underpinnings of customary law. Through doctrinal and socio-legal analysis, the study evaluates how customary practices align or conflict with national laws, particularly the 1945 Constitution and the Marriage Law. It also considers recent jurisprudence and legal reform efforts aimed at harmonizing customary law with principles of justice and gender equality. The findings reveal a complex interplay between tradition and modern legal standards, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive yet rights-based legal integration to ensure equitable inheritance rights for women
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurmala Heryani, Indrati Pangalila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Breach of Contract in Online Sales Agreements Based on the Civil law
This study examines the legal analysis of breach of contract in online sales agreements within the framework of the Indonesian Civil Code. The rapid growth of e-commerce has transformed traditional contractual relations, bringing forth new challenges in ensuring compliance and accountability in digital transactions. While online sales agreements are governed by general contract principles, their execution often encounters unique breaches such as non-delivery, defective goods, or refusal of payment. The research explores how the Civil Code—particularly provisions related to default (wanprestasi)—is applied to online transactions, and how these provisions intersect with contemporary practices in electronic commerce. The study utilizes a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and judicial precedents. It identifies key elements of contractual obligations, types of breaches, legal consequences for parties in default, and available legal remedies. The findings highlight that while the Civil Code provides a sufficient legal foundation for contractual enforcement, it lacks specificity for addressing the complexities of digital sales environments. Therefore, integration with technological regulations and consumer protection laws is essential to enhance legal certainty and justice. This research contributes to the development of digital contract law by providing recommendations for harmonizing traditional legal doctrines with modern e-commerce practices. It is expected to serve as a reference for legal practitioners, business actors, and regulators in interpreting and applying breach of contract rules in the context of online transactions
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariana Pramudito, Permadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Harmonization of Islamic Law, Customary Law, and National Law in Safeguarding the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
This study explores the harmonization of Islamic law, customary law (adat), and national law in the context of protecting the rights of indigenous peoples in Indonesia. As a country with legal pluralism, Indonesia accommodates multiple legal systems that coexist and often intersect. Customary law, deeply rooted in indigenous communities, plays a vital role in regulating social life and managing communal resources. However, its recognition and implementation within the national legal framework remain inconsistent. Islamic law, as one of the moral and legal foundations embraced by the majority of the population, offers universal principles of justice, equity, and protection of rights, including those of marginalized groups. This research analyzes how Islamic legal values can serve as a bridge between state law and adat law to ensure comprehensive protection for indigenous communities. Using a normative-juridical approach, the study reviews legislation, judicial decisions, and scholarly interpretations to assess the compatibility and potential conflicts among these legal systems. The findings indicate that while overlaps exist particularly in principles of communal ownership, justice, and mutual respect practical harmonization is often hindered by regulatory ambiguities and lack of political will. The study recommends the formulation of an integrated legal framework that respects the autonomy of indigenous law, aligns with Islamic principles of maslahah (public interest), and complies with constitutional protections. Such harmonization not only strengthens legal certainty but also ensures that indigenous peoples can fully exercise their rights without discrimination or marginalization. This research contributes to the discourse on legal pluralism and social justice in multicultural societies
The Effectiveness of Law Enforcement in Counteracting Hoaxes in the Digital Age between Regulation and Literacy
The phenomenon of spreading hoaxes in the digital era has had a serious impact on society and social stability in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement in counteracting hoaxes, as well as examine the role of digital literacy as a complement to existing regulations. The approach used is normative qualitative with data collection techniques through literature study, expert interviews, and legal document analysis. The research findings show that multiple interpretations of articles in the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law) and the weak capacity of law enforcement officers are the main obstacles in prosecuting hoaxes. In addition, the low level of digital literacy and limited access to quality information exacerbate the spread of disinformation. This research recommends a synergy between strict law enforcement and sustainable strengthening of digital literacy through collaboration between the government, educational institutions and communities. With this integrative approach, it is hoped that efforts to counter hoaxes can be more effective in maintaining information security and social stability in the digital era
Copyright (c) 2025 Depri Udin, Rinaldi Goklas, Crisdo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal Protection of Victims of Domestic Violence in the Perspective of Viktimology and Criminal Law
This research explores the legal protection of victims of domestic violence through the lens of victimology and criminal law. Domestic violence remains a pervasive issue in many societies, including Indonesia, with far-reaching psychological, physical, and social consequences for victims. Although various legal instruments, such as Law No. 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, have been enacted to provide legal remedies and protection for victims, challenges in implementation persist. This study examines how the principles of victimology can complement criminal law frameworks to ensure more comprehensive protection for victims. It highlights the importance of recognizing victims not only as passive sufferers but as subjects entitled to rights, including legal aid, psychological support, restitution, and participation in legal processes. Using a normative-empirical method, this study analyzes the legal provisions alongside field data obtained through interviews and case studies. The findings reveal gaps between legal norms and practical enforcement, often due to lack of awareness, institutional limitations, and cultural factors. Therefore, the research emphasizes the need for stronger inter-institutional coordination, enhanced victim services, and reforms in legal procedures to ensure justice and recovery for victims. This integrated approach aims to support a more humane and victim-centered justice system
Copyright (c) 2025 Odi Sanjaya, Jodi Prianus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implications of Islamic Inheritance Law on the Division of Joint Property in Mixed Marriages in Indonesia
This study examines the implications of Islamic inheritance law on the division of joint property (marital assets) in the context of mixed marriages in Indonesia, where one spouse is Muslim and the other adheres to a different religion. As a country with a plural legal system, Indonesia recognizes Islamic law, civil law, and customary law, each of which may apply differently depending on the personal status of the parties involved. The research explores legal ambiguities and conflicts that arise when Islamic inheritance principles, which are binding for Muslims under Indonesian law, intersect with civil regulations in mixed marriages. Through a doctrinal legal research method supported by case studies and analysis of statutory and judicial interpretations, the study finds that the application of Islamic inheritance law often creates legal uncertainty in determining heirs and the rightful distribution of joint property. Furthermore, the research highlights the necessity for legal reform or clearer regulatory guidance to ensure equity and legal certainty for parties in mixed marriages
Copyright (c) 2025 Alexadra pierera, justin pastor, selena pacito (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Legal Implications of Mixed Marriages on the Status of Children's Inheritance in Indonesia
Mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals are increasing in line with globalization. However, this condition raises legal challenges, especially regarding the inheritance status of children born from these marriages. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of mixed marriages on children's inheritance rights in Indonesia based on the applicable legal system, namely the Civil Code, Islamic law, and customary law. The method used is a normative juridical approach by analyzing legislation, court decisions, and relevant legal literature. The results show that the child's citizenship status, the legality of the parents' marriage, and the legal system used have a significant effect on the child's inheritance rights. Disharmony between various legal systems in Indonesia often leads to legal uncertainty in the settlement of disputes over the inheritance of children from mixed marriages. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize regulations and increase legal protection of children's rights in the context of inheritance
Copyright (c) 2025 sharla shela, Nurita lingsu, mariana oktaviani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Methodical Review of the Relationship Between Legal Frameworks and Social Behavior
Legal frameworks play an important role in shaping people's behaviour through regulation, incentives and value internalization mechanisms. This study aims to provide a systematic review of how law operates as a social instrument in influencing individual and collective action in various social contexts. Using an interdisciplinary approach that includes the perspectives of legal sociology, normative theory, and public policy studies, this study analyzes relevant academic literature in the last two decades. The review identifies three main mechanisms of law's influence on people's behavior: (1) law as a means of control through formal sanctions and regulations, (2) law as an agent of social change that instills new values and norms, and (3) law as part of the social contract that reflects societal consensus. In addition, this study also discusses factors that influence legal effectiveness, including institutional legitimacy, enforcement capacity, and local cultural and political dynamics. The results of this study show that the success of the legal framework in shaping behavior is highly dependent on the compatibility between legal norms and the social values of the community. Therefore, a deep understanding of the relationship between law and social behavior is crucial in the formulation of effective and sustainable legal policies
Copyright (c) 2025 Maulina sintia, Hasti Kumala, Arnesto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Human Rights Protection in The Process of Justice
Legal regulations on the protection of human rights can be guided by Law No. 39/1999, but in the process of enforcing the law in court, legal protection is only limited in an abstract form, namely against the perpetrators of the crime, while for the victim it has not been regulated concretely by law, so that the rights of the victim are always put aside and this according to the law clearly violates human rights. The protection of human rights in the judicial process should be concrete and not abstract, therefore in an effort to protect human rights in law enforcement in order to achieve real or substantive justice the decision must consider the interests of the victim, even though the law has not been expressly regulated, but judges as law creators and law inventors must have the courage to make new laws so that the perpetrator is not only punished by the body, but must be responsible for the losses suffered by the victim. In the judicial process, the judge can apply this responsibility in 2 (two) ways, namely: Civil Liability and Criminal Liability, so that the legal protection of victims in the judicial process is truly felt to be fair by both parties, so that the victim as the aggrieved party or the complainant in a case that he has suffered
Copyright (c) 2025 Charolina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review of Problems Arising in the Enforcement of Business Competition Laws
Enforcement of business competition law is an important instrument in maintaining balance and fairness in the market. However, in practice, there are various problems that hinder the effectiveness of competition policy implementation. This study aims to review the issues arising in competition law enforcement, including regulatory aspects, enforcement by competent authorities, as well as challenges in the judicial process. Using a normative juridical approach and analysis of relevant cases, this study identifies the main factors that cause weak enforcement, such as lack of coordination between agencies, limited resources, and obstacles in proving cases. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for policy makers in strengthening the effectiveness of competition law enforcement in order to create a healthy and fair competition climate in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2025 Roy Marten (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Human Rights in Transition: a Research if Legal, Ethical, and Policy Dimensions
This research explores the intersection of legal, ethical, and policy dimensions in transitional human rights, aiming to identify trends, challenges, and frameworks in the context of post-conflict and political transitions. The study adheres to established guidelines (PRISMA) and systematically analyzes peer-reviewed studies, case studies, and reports from reputable databases, with a focus on diverse regions and transitional contexts. Key findings highlight the complexities in balancing legal accountability with the ethical imperative of national reconciliation, and the pivotal role of international organizations in shaping transitional justice policies. The review underscores significant gaps, including the underexplored intersectionality of human rights violations, emerging issues like digital rights, and the impact of climate change on human rights transitions. By synthesizing existing literature, the review provides critical insights into the evolving nature of transitional justice, emphasizing the need for adaptive, interdisciplinary approaches that consider local contexts and emerging global challenges. The implications of the findings call for a shift toward context-sensitive, integrated frameworks for human rights advocacy and governance, offering a foundation for future research and policy innovation in transitional human rights
Copyright (c) 2025 Permata sakti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Legal Perspective on Inheritance of Joint Property: A Comparative Analysis of Various Legal Systems
Joint property inheritance is a complex issue in various legal systems around the world, reflecting the different principles and approaches between Civil Law, Common Law, Islamic law, customary law, and hybrid legal systems. This research aims to comparatively analyze the legal perspectives on inheritance of joint property in various legal systems, highlighting the main principles, application in various countries, and regulatory challenges that arise. The method used is a systematic literature review, by analyzing legal documents, court decisions, and relevant academic studies. The results show that in Civil Law, the distribution of inheritance generally follows written legal rules that strictly regulate the rights of heirs, while in Common Law, testamenter freedom is dominant, although it can be corrected by the court. In Islamic law, the faraid system regulates the distribution of inheritance based on religious decree principles, while in customary law, cultural norms and community values often influence inheritance patterns. In countries with pluralistic legal systems, such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Nigeria, regulatory disharmony can lead to inheritance disputes, especially in terms of gender imbalance and jurisdictional conflicts between national, customary and religious laws. This research confirms the importance of regulatory harmonization to create a more inclusive and equitable inheritance law system. Legal reforms that accommodate gender equality, legal certainty and administrative efficiency are strategic steps in facing the challenges of inheriting joint property in the modern era. With a deeper understanding of these different legal systems, it is hoped that legal policies can be developed to reduce inheritance disputes and improve the protection of the rights of all parties involved.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosalina Limbong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamics of customary land disputes and implementation of indigenous peoples' rights: a systematic study in the perspective of indonesian agrarian law
Customary land disputes are an agrarian problem that continues to occur in Indonesia due to the unsynchronization between customary law and state law. Although the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and several Constitutional Court decisions have recognized the rights of indigenous peoples to customary land, its implementation still encounters various obstacles. This study aims to analyze the main causal factors of customary land disputes and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations and settlement mechanisms. Using a systematic literature review method, this research examines various legal, social, economic and political aspects that influence the dynamics of customary land conflicts in Indonesia. The results show that unsynchronized regulations, weak law enforcement, and investment and development interests are the main factors that trigger conflicts between indigenous peoples, the government, and the private sector. In addition, the lack of legal protection mechanisms for indigenous peoples causes them to often experience evictions and criminalization when defending their customary land rights. The study also highlights more effective dispute resolution models, including strengthening the role of customary institutions, implementing Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) mechanisms, and establishing independent institutions to deal fairly with agrarian conflicts
Copyright (c) 2025 Rian Cantona (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0